Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance that is found in the bloodstream and in all your body's cells. It plays a vital role in many bodily functions, such as the production of hormones and the formation of cell membranes. However, too much cholesterol in the bloodstream can increase a person's risk of heart disease and stroke. There are two main types of cholesterol: LDL (low-density lipoprotein) and HDL (high-density lipoprotein). LDL is often referred to as "bad" cholesterol because it can build up in the walls of the arteries, increasing the risk of heart attack and stroke. HDL is often referred to as "good" cholesterol because it helps to remove LDL from the bloodstream.

ldl cholesterol

LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol is often referred to as "bad" cholesterol. It's called "bad" because when there is too much of it in the bloodstream, it can build up in the walls of the arteries, making them narrower and less flexible. This can increase the risk of heart attack and stroke.

LDL is produced naturally by the liver and is also present in foods such as meat, dairy products, and eggs. High levels of LDL cholesterol in the blood can be caused by a diet that is high in saturated fats and cholesterol, lack of physical activity, smoking, and genetics. High LDL cholesterol is considered a major risk factor for heart disease.

For health adults, The American Heart Association, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, and other organizations recommend that LDL cholesterol levels be less than 130 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or less, with optimal levels being less than 100 mg/dL.

hdl cholesterol

HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol is often referred to as "good" cholesterol. It's called "good" because it helps to remove LDL (low-density lipoprotein) or "bad" cholesterol from the bloodstream, which helps to keep the arteries clear of plaque buildup and decreases the risk of heart disease.

HDL cholesterol is produced by the liver and can be increased through regular physical activity, quitting smoking, and moderate alcohol consumption. HDL cholesterol levels can be influenced by genetics and certain medical conditions, such as diabetes and hypothyroidism.

The American Heart Association and other organizations recommend that HDL cholesterol levels be at or above 60 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) for men and women. Lower HDL cholesterol levels increase risk of cardiovascular disease and Higher levels of HDL cholesterol (60 mg/dL or higher) offer some protection against heart disease

Normal cholesterol levels

Cholesterol levels are measured in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) of blood. The American Heart Association and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute recommend the following cholesterol levels for adults:

• Total cholesterol: Less than 200 mg/dL is considered desirable for adults.
• LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol: Less than 130 mg/dL is considered optimal for adults. Less than 100 mg/dL is considered optimal for adults at high risk of heart disease.
• HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol: More than 60 mg/dL is considered protective against heart disease.
• Triglycerides: Less than 150 mg/dL is considered normal.

It's important to note that individual optimal levels may vary depending on a person's risk factors for heart disease, such as age, sex, family history, smoking, high blood pressure, and diabetes.

Your doctor will consider your risk factors for heart disease and stroke and will use the results of your cholesterol test along with other information to determine what your optimal cholesterol levels should be, and how to achieve them.

Good cholesterol

Good cholesterol, also known as HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol, helps to remove LDL (low-density lipoprotein) or "bad" cholesterol from the bloodstream, which helps to keep the arteries clear of plaque buildup and decreases the risk of heart disease.

HDL cholesterol is considered "good" because it helps to protect against heart disease by removing excess LDL cholesterol from the bloodstream and preventing the buildup of plaque in the arteries. HDL particles also have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that protect the cells that line the blood vessels.

Having higher levels of HDL cholesterol is associated with a lower risk of heart disease, while lower levels of HDL cholesterol are associated with an increased risk. The American Heart Association and other organizations recommend that HDL cholesterol levels be at or above 60 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) for men and women.

There are many ways to increase HDL levels, regular physical activity, quitting smoking, moderate alcohol consumption, and consuming a diet that is low in saturated and trans fats and cholesterol are a few examples.

Bad cholesterol

Bad cholesterol, also known as LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol, is so called because when there is too much of it in the bloodstream, it can build up in the walls of the arteries, making them narrower and less flexible. This can increase the risk of heart attack and stroke.

LDL cholesterol is produced naturally by the liver and is also present in foods such as meat, dairy products, and eggs. High levels of LDL cholesterol in the blood can be caused by a diet that is high in saturated fats and cholesterol, lack of physical activity, smoking, and genetics.

LDL cholesterol is considered "bad" because it can contribute to the development of plaque in the arteries, which can reduce blood flow to the heart and brain and increase the risk of heart attack and stroke. For health adults, The American Heart Association, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, and other organizations recommend that LDL cholesterol levels be less than 130 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or less, with optimal levels being less than 100 mg/dL.

There are many ways to lower LDL cholesterol, like eating a healthy diet that is low in saturated and trans fats and cholesterol, regular physical activity, losing weight if you're overweight, avoiding smoking, and if needed, medications like statins can be prescribed by a physician.

Low cholesterol diet

A low cholesterol diet is one that is designed to lower LDL (low-density lipoprotein) or "bad" cholesterol levels in the blood. To achieve this, the diet focuses on foods that are low in saturated and trans fats, which are known to increase LDL cholesterol levels. Here are some dietary recommendations for a low cholesterol diet:

• Fruits and vegetables: Incorporate more fruits and vegetables into your diet as they are low in cholesterol and provide essential nutrients.
• Whole grains: Choose whole grains such as whole wheat bread, brown rice, and oatmeal instead of refined grains like white bread and white rice.
• Lean protein: Include lean sources of protein such as fish, poultry, and legumes in your diet. Avoid processed meats, organ meats, and full-fat dairy products as they tend to be high in saturated fats and cholesterol.
• Nuts and seeds: Nuts such as almonds, walnuts, and flaxseeds are a good source of healthy fats and can help lower cholesterol.
• Plant-based fats: Include healthy fats like olive oil and avocado in your diet and avoid unhealthy fats such as coconut oil and palm oil
• Fiber: Eating a diet high in fiber may help lower cholesterol levels. Foods high in fiber include fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes.

It's important to note that the diet alone may not be enough, and many people may need the help of medication, especially if they have a high risk of cardiovascular disease. Consult your doctor or a registered dietitian for personalized advice.

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS:

What is Cholesterol?

Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance that is found in the bloodstream and in all your body's cells. It is a steroid molecule that plays important roles in many bodily functions such as the production of hormones, such as testosterone, estrogen, and vitamin D, and the formation of cell membranes. Cholesterol cannot dissolve in the blood, so it is transported to and from cells by special carrier proteins called lipoproteins.

There are two main types of lipoproteins: LDL (low-density lipoprotein) and HDL (high-density lipoprotein). LDL, also known as "bad" cholesterol, can build up in the walls of the arteries and increase the risk of heart disease and stroke. HDL, also known as "good" cholesterol, helps to remove LDL from the bloodstream and decrease the risk of heart disease.

Cholesterol levels are measured in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) of blood, and the recommended levels vary depending on a person's risk factors for heart disease. It is important to have regular check-ups with your healthcare provider to monitor cholesterol levels and take steps to control them, if needed.

Is cholesterol a lipid?

Yes, cholesterol is a type of lipid. Lipids are a diverse group of biomolecules that are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents, such as alcohol and ether. Lipids play important roles in the body, such as providing energy, insulation, and structural support.

Cholesterol is a steroid molecule, and it is classified as a lipid because it is insoluble in water and dissolves readily in nonpolar solvents. Cholesterol is an essential component of cell membranes, it also helps in the production of hormones, and bile acids, which aid in the digestion of fats.

Cholesterol is a specific type of lipid, called a steroid. Steroids are a diverse group of lipids that includes cholesterol, hormones, and bile acids. They have a characteristic ring structure and can be further classified based on their chemical properties and biological roles.

What causes high cholesterol?

There are several factors that can contribute to high cholesterol, including:

• Diet: Eating a diet that is high in saturated and trans fats, cholesterol, and processed foods can increase LDL cholesterol levels.
• Genetics: High cholesterol can run in families and certain genetic conditions, such as familial hypercholesterolemia, can cause high cholesterol levels.
• Lack of physical activity: Not getting enough physical activity can lead to weight gain and an increase in LDL cholesterol levels.
• Obesity and Overweight: Being overweight or obese can increase LDL cholesterol levels and reduce HDL cholesterol levels.
• Metabolic disorders: Some medical conditions, such as diabetes and hypothyroidism, can cause high cholesterol levels.
• Age and Gender: Men tend to have higher LDL cholesterol levels than women and cholesterol levels usually start to rise after age 20.
• Medications: Some medications, such as birth control pills and steroids, can increase cholesterol levels.

It's important to note that high cholesterol can be a silent condition, so regular check-ups with your healthcare provider are important to monitor cholesterol levels and take steps to control them, if needed.

How to lower cholesterol naturally?

There are several lifestyles changes you can make to lower your cholesterol naturally:

• Exercise: Regular physical activity can help increase HDL (good) cholesterol levels and lower LDL (bad) cholesterol levels. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise, or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity exercise, per week.
• Diet: Eating a diet that is low in saturated and trans fats, cholesterol, and processed foods can help lower LDL cholesterol levels. Include more fruits and vegetables, whole grains, lean protein sources, and healthy fats in your diet.
• Weight Management: Losing weight if you are overweight or obese can help lower LDL cholesterol levels and increase HDL cholesterol levels.
• Quit smoking: Smoking damages the lining of the blood vessels and raises the risk of heart disease. By quitting smoking, you are not only lowering the risk of cancer but also of heart disease.
• Limit alcohol consumption: Drinking too much alcohol can increase LDL cholesterol levels, it is recommended to limit alcohol intake to no more than 2 drinks a day for men and 1 drink a day for women.
• Reduce stress: Stress can lead to unhealthy behaviors such as overeating, smoking and drinking alcohol. Finding ways to manage stress can help you maintain healthy lifestyle habits.

It's important to keep in mind that for some people, making these lifestyle changes may not be enough to lower their cholesterol to healthy levels. It's important to consult with your healthcare provider who can help you create a personalized plan and consider other options if necessary, such as medication.

How to lower cholesterol with medication?

There are several classes of medications that can be used to lower cholesterol levels:

• Statins: Statins are the most prescribed medications for high cholesterol. They work by blocking an enzyme in the liver that is responsible for producing cholesterol. Some examples of statins include atorvastatin (Lipitor), simvastatin (Zocor), and rosuvastatin (Crestor).
• Bile acid sequestrants: These medications work by binding bile acids in the intestines, which helps to remove cholesterol from the body. Some examples of bile acid sequestrants include cholestyramine (Questran) and colestipol (Colestid).
• Nicotinic acid (Niacin): Niacin is a B-vitamin that helps to increase HDL cholesterol levels.
• Fibric acid derivatives: These medications work by increasing the metabolism of fatty acids in the liver, which helps to lower triglyceride levels and increase HDL cholesterol levels. Some examples of fibric acid derivatives include gemfibrozil (Lopid) and fenofibrate (Tricor).
• PCSK9 inhibitors: these are a new class of medication recently approved by FDA. These medications work by inhibiting a specific protein in the liver called PCSK9, which regulates the amount of LDL receptor on liver cells, allowing more LDL to be removed from the bloodstream. Examples of PCSK9 inhibitors are evolocumab (Repatha) and alirocumab (Praluent)

It's important to note that these medications can have side effects, and some may interact with other medications you may be taking. It's essential to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any medication and to follow his recommendations, especially when it comes to dosages and duration of treatment.

Testing for Cholesterol?

Cholesterol testing is typically done with a blood test called a lipid panel or lipid profile. This test measures the levels of total cholesterol, LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol, HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol, and triglycerides in the blood.

The test is usually done after a 9-12 hour fast, which means you cannot eat or drink anything except water for that period. This is done to ensure accurate results, as eating, or drinking certain foods or beverages can affect cholesterol levels. After that, a healthcare professional will take a small sample of blood, which is then sent to a lab for analysis.

It's important to have regular cholesterol checkups, particularly if you're at risk of developing heart disease, are over 20 years old, or have a family history of high cholesterol or heart disease. The frequency of these checkups can vary depending on individual risk factors and can be discussed with your healthcare provider.

Cholesterol testing can also be done using non-fasting finger-stick test, but these are not as accurate and are mainly used as a screening tool, not for diagnostic purposes, it's always good to follow up with a conventional blood test and consult with a healthcare professional for interpretation and guidance.